Morocco remains one of America's oldest and closest allies in North Africa, a status affirmed by Morocco's zero [4], The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency authored a pamphlet in 1978 that suggested a correlation between low-birthweight (using the World Health Organization definition of less than 2,500 grams (88oz)) and high sound levels, and also high rates of birth defects in places where expectant mothers are exposed to elevated sound levels, such as typical airport environs. [25], Morocco also plays a pivotal role in the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative to contain Salafist groups in the Saharan and in the Sahel regions of West Africa. [56][57], Noise pollution control in residences is not funded by the federal government in part because of the disagreements in establishing causal links between sounds and health risks, since the effect of noise is often psychological and also, because it leaves no singular tangible trace of damage on the human body. Viral infection has previously been shown to precede POTS97 and, with the ACE2 receptor expressed on neurons, viral infection by SARS-CoV-2 may have direct negative consequences on the autonomic nervous system.98 A complex combination of infection, an autonomic nervous system induced pro-inflammatory response, and a level of autoimmunity may all contribute to the establishment of autonomic dysfunction and POTS.89Figure 2 depicts these mechanisms. (E) The effects of long covid in the brain can lead to cognitive impairment. We retrieved 61881 articles in the first instance. The workers' psychological state could affect the care provided to the dogs. Semmes asked Hay to get involved and encourage Morocco to release the prisoners, to which Hay responded that he could only convey the message but not offer any recommendation for actions, as offering a recommendation would violate Britain's terms of neutrality. The letter stated, Moroccos commitment merits the support of the international community[50], Likewise, in an official statement for a Congressional hearing held in June 2007, the Kingdom of Morocco asserted, We recognize that fundamental compromises must be made in order to solve this problem and free our region to move forward together. It is not the same as masochism, as no sexual or nonsexual The understanding of long term sequalae of covid-19 infection in the gastrointestinal tract will evolve, with studies currently ongoing (NCT04691895), which will subsequently affect treatment. Pericarditis and myocarditis long after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cross-sectional descriptive study in health-care workers. [28][29], A 2021 systematic review on the effect of occupational exposure to noise on ischaemic heart disease (IHD), stroke and hypertension, coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour Organization (ILO) located 17 studies that met the inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 534,688 participants (7.47% females) in 11 countries and in three WHO regions (the Americas, Europe, and the Western Pacific). Male sex and older age are associated with an increased risk of severe covid-19, however, the ONS reported that the prevalence of any long covid symptoms is higher in women compared with men (23.6% versus 20.7%), while the age group estimated to be most greatly affected by long covid symptoms is 35-49 years (26.8%), followed by 50-69 years (26.1%), and the 70 years group (18%).53 Furthermore, a prospective cohort study assessing recovered patients found no baseline clinical features associated with the subsequent development of long covid symptoms.154 Male sex, age, and pre-existing conditions including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease have shown no association with the risk of developing long covid. House of Representatives letter to President Barack Obama. Similarly, the accurate reporting of long covid is complicated. [35] Beginning with the George H. W. Bush Administration, the focus of the U.S. security assistance efforts in Morocco shifted to sustaining and maintaining U.S.-origin equipment in the Moroccan Armed Forces. For this reason they are written predominantly by US authors. The Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SAD-Q) is a more specific twenty-item inventory for assessing the presence and severity of alcohol dependence.. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin tissues usually without a suicidal intention. When word reached Confederate Admiral Raphael Semmes who was acting as the Confederate diplomat in the area, he sent out dispatches to as many neutral diplomats as he had contact with, including the British Consul to Morocco, John Drummond Hay. DBT evolved into a process in which the therapist and client The Treaty, ratified by Morocco, President Andrew Johnson, and nine European heads of state, granted neutrality to the lighthouse, with the condition that the ten naval powers signing the agreement assumed responsibility for its maintenance. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis, risk factors, symptoms, and methods of treating long covid is required to reduce the strain and demand on people with the condition and the healthcare systems that will endeavor to support them. The context or framing of problems adopted by decision-makers results in part from extrinsic manipulation of the You may use, download and print the article for any lawful, non-commercial purpose (including text and data mining) provided that all copyright notices and trade marks are retained. 110-76, June 6, 2007, pp. Sudden impulse noises are typically perceived as more bothersome than noise from traffic of equal volume. Clinical characteristics of asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with mild covid-19. Antihistamines have been implicated as a possible treatment for covid-19, with a study that employed cellular experiments suggesting that histamine-1 antagonists may be able to reduce the covid-19 infection rate by inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 from entering ACE2 expressing cells.205 Systematic reviews and molecular studies have suggested that histamine-1 and histamine-2 antagonists are viable candidates for further clinical trials in covid-19.206207208 It remains to be seen whether antihistamines have potential for treating long covid. Electronic microphones, circuitry, and receivers perform active noise reduction, also known as noise-cancelling, in which a signal that is 180-degrees out-of-phase of the noise is presented, which in theory cancels the noise. Valiente-De S, Prez-Camacho I, Sobrino B, et al. Relations between the Kingdom of Morocco and the United States of America date back to the American Revolutionary War (17751783) and specifically since 1777 when the sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah became the first monarch to help the United States. Bilateral cooperation involves technical exchanges, mutual training events, jointly conducted exercises and emergency management assistance. Prevalence of sleep problems in Veterans with PTSD. 2017. Sultan Sidi Muhammad Ibn Abdullah actively sought to have an American diplomat negotiate a formal treaty, but meanwhile Moroccan pirates threatened American merchant shipping in the Mediterranean Sea. 2020. To avoid unintentionally removing articles, no filters were applied. 110-76, June 6, 2007, p. 23. [50], High noise levels have also been known to damage the physical health of small children. Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. For instance, the recommended noise level for indoor residences is less than or equal to 45dB. Our custom writing service is a reliable solution on your academic journey that will always help you if your deadline is too tight. The United States family separation policy under the Trump administration was presented to the public as a "zero tolerance" approach intended to deter illegal immigration and to encourage tougher legislation. In his first speech as King in 1999, King Mohammed VI reaffirmed his father's policy of defending the nation's territorial integrity and strengthening ties with African nations, friends in Europe, and the United States. The developments listed as potentially pursuable include the establishment of "social safety net programs," regulation of "working conditions," and "timely" creation of "labor market statistics. [12], There are approximately 10,000 deaths per year as a result of noise in the European Union. Priscilla H. Roberts and Richard S. Roberts, Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, met for four days in the Casablanca suburb of Anfa, terrorist attacks in the Straits of Gibraltar, Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative, National Center for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technologies, Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, Morocco's agreement to normalize relations with Israel, "A Guide To The United States' History Of Recognition, Diplomatic, And Consular Relations, By Country, Since 1776: Morocco", "Avalon Project - The Barbary Treaties 1786-1816 - Treaty with Morocco June 28 and July 15, 1786", "Why a 200-Year-Building in Morocco Is the Only National Historic Landmark Outside the U.S.", "Long-time Friends: Early US-Moroccan Relations 1777-87", "Embassy of the kingdom of morocco in the USA", "How an African Prince Who Was Kidnapped Into Slavery Outsmarted His Captors", "Relations in the Modern Era, World War II and Beyond", "Foreign Relations of the United States, 19551957, Volume XVIII, Africa, Document 187". Currently, long covid remains enigmatic and, with the question of the impact that new variants of covid-19 will have on the incidence and severity of long covid still looming large, it is important that research continues to explore post-covid-19 syndrome. The holistic assessment, investigation, and management approaches suggested by NICE9 are outlined in fig 3. In November 1957, King Mohammed V traveled to Washington to pay an official call on President Eisenhower. Guidance on the use of zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone for the short-term management of insomnia. Furthermore, the guidelines recommend offering patients with continuing respiratory symptoms a chest radiograph by 12 weeks after infection.9 Blood oxygen levels can be monitored using a pulse oximeter. Our custom writing service is a reliable solution on your academic journey that will always help you if your deadline is too tight. (D) Chronic inflammation in the brainstem may cause autonomic dysfunction. 2020. Conceptually, the diagnosis is a compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder that involves online and/or offline computer usage (1, 2) and consists of at least three subtypes: excessive gaming, sexual preoccupations, and e-mail/text messaging .All of the variants share the following four Shortness of breath. Currently there are no regulations related to the noise exposure for dogs even with such damaging effects related to their health. Stress is a type of psychological pain.Small amounts of stress may be beneficial, as it can improve athletic performance, motivation and reaction to the environment. Dismayed After Morocco Expels Americans, "After Biden administration releases 1st Guantanamo prisoner, remaining detainees hope for swift action", "Proclamation on Recognizing The Sovereignty Of The Kingdom Of Morocco Over The Western Sahara". The experiments randomly varied the prevalence of weak ties in the networks of over 20 million people over a 5-year period, during which 2 billion new ties and 600,000 new jobs were created. A cohort study showed cardiac involvement, ongoing myocardial inflammation, and elevated serum troponin levels in many people with covid-19 at 71 days following diagnosis,23 while a large case series showed that chest pain, possibly owing to myocarditis, was a common manifestation in patients 60.3 days following onset of covid-19 symptoms, with 21.7% of the 143 patient assessed reporting chest pain.15 Those considered at low risk of severe covid-19, such as young, competitive athletes, have also been found to have residual myocarditis long after recovery from covid-19.84 In addition to cardiac complaints, studies have highlighted an emerging trend in the development of new onset postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) in individuals post-covid-19 infection, because of autonomic dysfunction.8586878889. Western Sahara would control all other issues, including: governmental administration, taxation, education, budgets, policing, and electing officials (though past movements of Moroccans to the Western Sahara would not be reversed). Bronchiectasis (non-cystic fibrosis), acute exacerbation: antimicrobial prescribing NICE guideline. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives. King Mohammed VI collaborates with U.S. intelligence and security officials in providing intelligence and preventing terrorist attacks in the Straits of Gibraltar. (C) Prolonged inflammation and cellular damage prompts fibroblasts to secrete extracellular matrix molecules and collagen, resulting in fibrosis. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board at Novo Nordisk. Whitelaw, Kevin. [27][25] Vasoconstriction can result from elevated adrenaline levels or through medical stress reactions. Keaten, Jamey. Morocco remains one of America's oldest and closest allies in North Africa, a status affirmed by Morocco's zero-tolerance policy towards Al-Qaeda and their affiliated groups. They mainly discussed Earth Day celebration in Morocco which is part of the National Charter for the Environment and Sustainable Development that King Mohammed VI called for in his last State of the Nation Address. A hearing protection device (HPD) is an ear protection device worn in or over the ears while exposed to hazardous noise to help prevent noise-induced hearing loss.HPDs reduce (not eliminate) the level of the noise entering the ear. Post-COVID-19 fatigue has been compared with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), with many overlaps between the two.72 Symptoms common to both ME/CFS and long covid include fatigue, neurological/pain, neurocognitive/psychiatric, neuroendocrine, autonomic, and immune symptoms, with both ME/CFS and long covid patients having long symptom durations, reduced daily activity, and post-exertional malaise.72 ME/CFS remains enigmatic, therefore, research into long covid may assist in developing understanding of ME/CFS and vice versa. We apologize for any inconvenience and are here to help you find similar resources. Escardio.org. [32] The psychological impacts of noise also include an addiction to loud music. Traumatic noise exposure can happen at work (e.g., loud machinery), at play (e.g., loud sporting events, concerts, recreational activities), and/or by accident (e.g., a backfiring engine.) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. We urge you to both sustain this longstanding policy, and to make clear, in both words and actions, that the United States will work to ensure that the UN process continues to support this framework as the only realistic compromise that can bring this unfortunate and longstanding conflict to an end. PE reviewed and revised the manuscript. Migdalovitz, Carol. Further studies are required to consolidate our epidemiological understanding of long covid. Prevalence of long COVID symptoms and COVID-19 complications. Multi-organ complications of covid-19 and long covid. At the end of the Civil War, the first international convention ever signed by the United States, the 1865 Spartel Lighthouse Treaty, dealt with a navigational aid erected on the Moroccan side of the Strait of Gibraltar. Other potential treatments are molecules that suppress the intense inflammatory response seen in covid-19. AUDIT has replaced older screening tools such as CAGE but there are many shorter alcohol screening tools, mostly derived from the AUDIT. Fatigue is more profound than being overtired; it is unrelenting exhaustion and a constant state of weariness that reduces a persons energy, motivation, and concentration. The training sessions were held to address potential radiological emergencies and nuclear incidents. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. in the ear in the absence of an external sound source. During the Anfa Conference, the Allies agreed that the only acceptable outcome of the conflict was the unconditional surrender of the Axis forces. Evidence suggests that DBT can be useful in treating mood disorders and suicidal ideation, as well as for changing behavioral patterns such as self-harm and substance use. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. Depression in adults: recognition and management clinical guideline. President Roosevelt also conferred privately with King Mohammed V to assure him that the United States would support Morocco's quest for independence from France. 2020. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives. [43] Many of the interpretations of the level of annoyance and the relationship between noise levels and resulting health symptoms could be influenced by the quality of interpersonal relationships at the workplace, as well as the stress level generated by the work itself. Individuals who have hearing loss, including noise induced hearing loss, may have their symptoms alleviated with the use of hearing aids. The empty string is the special case where the sequence has length zero, so there are no symbols in the string. Distress tolerance skills help us cope with complicated feelings, including feeling out of control (McKay et al., 2007). During the Cold War, Morocco remained officially non-aligned. This is most commonly regarded as direct injury of one's own skin tissues usually without a suicidal intention. [4] Information about the Sultan's desire for friendly relations did not reach Benjamin Franklin, the American emissary to the Kingdom of France in Paris before April 1778 at the earliest. The FTA between Morocco and USA is a great opportunity for US companies to increase their market shares [31] The FTA also stipulates broad labor protections for both countries, with a dual focus on transparency, and maintaining said protections while promoting economic growth. [62] On January 15, 2021, during a visit to the White House, King Mohammed VI awarded President Trump the Order of Muhammad,[63] and Trump in return awarded the King with the Legion of Merit, degree of Chief Commander. 2021. Mohammed V, commending him on the admirable spirit of cooperation that is animating you and your people in their relationships with the forces of my country. 110-76, June 6, 2007, p. 13. World Health Organization. Policy Challenges in North Africa. Serial No. [4], Although age-related health effects (presbycusis) occur naturally with age,[5] in many countries the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime. In regards to Morocco's autonomy plan, Senator Feinstein said, "The way I feel about it, Morocco has been a staunch ally of the United States, this is a big problem, and this is a reasonable way to settle it. In fact, the European powers were edging towards engaging in a continental war because of Morocco in 1905. Risk factors for severe covid-19 and hospital admission, and risk factors for death as a result of covid-19 include older age, male sex, non-white ethnicity, being disabled, and pre-existing comorbidities including obesity, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and hypertension.21319147148 Linked to risk of covid-19 severity and possibly the risk of long covid, the role of immune suppression is still being debated. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Relations between the Kingdom of Morocco and the United States of America date back to the American Revolutionary War (17751783) and specifically since 1777 when the sultan Mohammed ben Abdallah became the first monarch to help the United States. We do not capture any email address. Formal theory. President Bill Clinton set a precedent which President George W. Bush followed. Furthermore, we considered long covid studies regardless of their cohort sizes or study design. Prevalence of sleep problems in Veterans with PTSD. The term stress refers to processes involving perception, appraisal, and response to noxious events or stimuli 13.Stress experiences can be emotionally (e.g., interpersonal conflict, loss of loved ones, unemployment) or physiologically (e.g., food deprivation, illness, drug withdrawal states) challenging. Most of the studies included are cross-sectional or cohort observational studies with large cohorts; however, because of the novelty of the disease and paucity of data, studies involving smaller cohorts and case series were also included. Tinnitus can also be categorised by the way it sounds in one's ear, pulsatile tinnitus [17] which is caused by the vascular nature of Glomus tumors and non-pulsatile tinnitus which usually sounds like crickets, the sea and bees. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. Internet addiction appears to be a common disorder that merits inclusion in DSM-V. Gaining an understanding of why certain disease phenotypes arise in different individuals is an important piece of the puzzle. This article is a response to Campbell-Tiech and Brynes article Stockwell Revisited: The Unhappy State of Facial Mapping [2005] 6 Archbold News 4, bringing attention to the ACPO guidelines and other agreed methodologies for image comparisons, as well as to more recent case law, notably Gardner [2004] EWCA 1639. 2018. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [1] Elevated workplace or environmental noise can cause hearing impairment, tinnitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance. Conceptually, the diagnosis is a compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorder that involves online and/or offline computer usage (1, 2) and consists of at least three subtypes: excessive gaming, sexual preoccupations, and e-mail/text messaging .All of the variants share the following four Long term sequalae of covid-19 (1) In the alveoli of the lungs: (A) Chronic inflammation results in the sustained production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are released into the surrounding tissue and bloodstream. (D) Fibrotic changes are accompanied by an increase in cardiac fibromyoblasts, while damage to desmosomal proteins results in reduced cell-to-cell adhesion. As of 4 July 2021, more than 183 million confirmed cases of covid-19 had been recorded worldwide, and 3.97 million deaths. The letter openly called on Secretary Clinton and the Obama Administration to provide: "more sustained American attention to one of the region's most pressing political issues, the Western Sahara." Sleep disturbances may be managed by following relevant guidelines on insomnia,193 and a range of treatment strategies can be considered.194195196197 Patients with mental health problems alongside or as a result of long covid can be managed following the relevant guidelines: depression,198 anxiety,199 PTSD,200 obsessive-compulsive disorder,201 and other mental health problems.202 Care home residents, including those with dementia, who acquire long covid have additional needs.116 Discussing mental health problems with patients requires compassion and understanding.203. ESC guidance for the diagnosis and management of CV disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Milanetti M, Miotto M, Rienzo LD. Myalgic encephalomyelitis (or encephalopathy)/chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and managementin development [GID-NG10091]. ", This page was last edited on 25 October 2022, at 17:08. This term includes ongoing symptomatic covid-19, from four to 12 weeks post-infection, and post-covid-19 syndrome, beyond 12 weeks post-infection.9 Conversely, The National Institutes of Health (NIH) uses the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of long covid, which describes the condition as sequelae that extend beyond four weeks after initial infection.10 People with long covid exhibit involvement and impairment in the structure and function of multiple organs.11121314 Numerous symptoms of long covid have been reported and attributed to various organs, an overview of which can be seen in fig 1. U.S. Undersecretary of State, Nicholas Burns backed Morocco's 2007 autonomy plan as serious and credible.[55], As of 2008, the Moroccan forces in Western Sahara numbered around 100,000 (the majority of the Moroccan Army), while the POLISARIO was only supported by about 3,000 to 6,000 soldiers. Media related to Relations of Morocco and the United States at Wikimedia Commons, American policy on Western Sahara conflict. Contributors: HC, SR, JN, and MY performed the primary literature search and drafted parts of the manuscript; HC was the first author of the manuscript who drafted the manuscript and revised it; PE was responsible for the concept and design of the work. In March 2010, a bipartisan majority of U.S. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory function of melatonin may also be useful in treating long covid.216 Lastly, adjuvant treatments, such as adaptogens, are being explored for their effectiveness in treating long covid (NCT04795557). 2013. World Health Organization. U.S. Morocco also became the scene of a colorful foreign relations and political warfare episode involving the Kingdom of Morocco, the United States of America, the Confederate States of America, France, and Great Britain. [53] One can measure the personal attenuation rating through a hearing protection fit-testing system. Get clinically-studied, premium vitamins and supplements and lab tests from the people whove spent 40 years passionately pursuing healthy living. To speculate, it may be that one variant causes more damaging long term effects than others and, therefore, patients infected with such a variant who go on to develop long covid symptoms may require additional support, as well as more rapid and intense treatment strategies to combat their long term symptoms. AUDIT has replaced older screening tools such as CAGE but there are many shorter alcohol screening tools, mostly derived from the AUDIT. Definitions of empathy encompass a broad range of social, cognitive, and emotional processes primarily concerned with understanding others (and others' emotions in particular). In closing, the letter stated, We remain convinced that the U.S. position, favoring autonomy for Western Sahara under Moroccan sovereignty is the only feasible solution. Internet addiction appears to be a common disorder that merits inclusion in DSM-V. [58][59] A state or local government is able to regulate indoor residential noise, however, such as when excessive noise from within a home causes disturbances to nearby residences.[58][60]. Additionally, by damaging the support cells responsible for local water and ionic balance, SARS-CoV-2 may indirectly reduce signaling from sensory neurons to the brain,129 resulting in a loss of sense of smell. [34] These psychological effects can lead to detriments in physical care in the form of reduced self-care, work-tolerance, and increased isolation. Re-analysis of a Cochrane review, Group therapy via videoconferencing for individuals with early psychosis: A pilot study, Could cognitive behavioural therapy be an effective treatment for long covid and post covid-19 fatigue syndrome? The Royal Society. Fassi-Fihri takes the lead on certain aspects of Moroccan foreign policy including relations with the United States. Here, we have reviewed the studies that have explored the persisting symptoms of long covid, and have addressed the possible risk factors associated with developing long covid and the treatment options that may be useful in alleviating its symptoms. Stress and Eating Behavior. The anatomical structures of the human and dog ears are very similar, so it is thought that these levels will negatively impact the hearing of canines in kennels. Children continue to develop their speech perception abilities until they reach their teens. Variants: distribution of cases data. Adverse cardiovascular effects occur from chronic exposure to noise due to the sympathetic nervous system's inability to habituate. NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. President Theodore Roosevelt played an important role in settling the affair during the 1906 Algeciras Conference. Definitions of empathy encompass a broad range of social, cognitive, and emotional processes primarily concerned with understanding others (and others' emotions in particular). U.S. Another antibody treatment, tocilizumab, blocks interleukin-6 receptors and has shown efficacy in a small trial of patients with covid-19 patients.215 Trials to explore the effects of tocilizumab are ongoing (NCT04330638). U.S. [46], Later developmental effects occur as vasoconstriction in the mother reduces blood flow and therefore oxygen and nutrition to the fetus. The report stated, The United States supports the U.N. effort and has urged the parties to focus on autonomya solution that would not destabilize its ally, Morocco.[42] Militarily, the United States has been the primary source of Morocco's weaponry in the conflict over Western Sahara. Risk factors for acute covid-19 and long covid and possible therapeutic options are also discussed. This resulted in environmental health officers across the UK serving 8,069 noise abatement notices, or citations under the terms of the Anti-Social Behaviour (Scotland) Act.[37]. Three-month outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Originally, VR technology was solely recognized for its entertainment value; however, in the past 10 years, its application has been expanded to a variety of clinical areas, including pain management, physical rehabilitation and the treatment of psychiatric disorders (e.g., phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorder) [14].It has been most frequently studied The reported incidence and mortality rates of covid-19 vary between countries, making it difficult to accurately predict the number of patients who will progress to long covid. Commonly regarded as direct injury of one 's own skin tissues usually a Recorded worldwide, and defects in the absence of an 8 week exercise program in patients with long covid September. And becoming overweight [ 22 ] one year later, King Mohammed after Moroccan defenders yielded to the theory the spine adviser to King Mohammed V traveled to Washington can! 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