Fang, G. et al. X.L and L.Z contributed to the discussion of the XANES results. Highly active and stable stepped Cu surface for enhanced electrochemical CO2 reduction to C2H4. Large electrochemical surface area (ECSA)-normalized TOF on BC shown in Supplementary Fig. Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. to the corresponding Mannich bases. Note that there is no obvious peak for O, indicating that our sample preparation process effectively removes the surface oxygen from the catalysts, maximallyexcluding the effects from surface oxygen on 2e-ORR performance. & Moura, J. J. A BioLogic VMP3 workstation was used to record the electrochemical response given an applied potential. Yu, B. et al. & Gong, J. Nanostructured materials for heterogeneous electrocatalytic CO2 reduction and their related reaction mechanisms. Am. S4, the NH3 conversion remains close to 100%. a Back-scattered electron (BSE) image of BC and corresponding wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) elemental mapping for (b) carbon and (c) boron. Catal. University of Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University of Artois, UMR 8181 UCCS Unit de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Lille, France, Sara Navarro-Jan,Mirella Virginie,Robert Wojcieszak&Andrei Y. Khodakov, Universit de Paris, Laboratoire dElectrochimie Molculaire, CNRS, Paris, France, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France, You can also search for this author in Specifically, 0.6g of XC-72 was put inside a three-neck flask. Comput. Then, 460mL 70% HNO3 solution and 140mL DI water were added into the flask. Adv. 3, 111 (2020). Alternative strategies to synthesize H2O2, with less energy consumption, wastes, production cost, and safety issues, are highly desired. Constructing redox semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts is the most effective and important means to complete the artificial photosynthetic overall reaction (i.e., coupling CO 2 photoreduction and water photo-oxidation reactions). However, multiphase hybridization essence and inhomogeneous junction distribution in these catalysts extremely limit the diverse design Catal. J. Chem. The concentration of generated H2O2 was determined by titration of potassium permanganate solution, and the corresponding FE was calculated based on the as-generated H2O2 concentration and the current applied (see Methods). g Stability test of our BC catalyst under 200mAcm2 in 1M KOH. Google Scholar. Herein, we propose and demonstrate a chemical looping ammonia oxidation catalyst and process to replace the costly noble metal catalysts and to reduce greenhouse gas emission. HighScore plus software was employed for phase identification with reference to the International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD) database. Ryckaert, J.-P., Ciccotti, G. & Berendsen, H. J. Energy Environ. CAS At a fixed applied potential of 0.70V vs. RHE, the H2O2 partial current of BC showed threefold improvement compared to that of OC. Rev. Chem. Am. 12, 11371143 (2013). T.Z., Z.L. The as-calcined sample are platelet-like in shape with thicknesses ranging from 0.81.5 m, lateral and longitudinal dimensions of 26 m (Fig. The whole device was connected with a reflux system afterwards under well-stirred condition, and the temperature was fixed at 80C for 36h. After natural cooling, the resulting slurry was centrifuges and washed with water and ethanol several times until the solution pH reaches neutral. 44 graphene supercell with 25 of vacuum space to model the doped C materials, for which 331Monkhorst-Pack sampled k-points are used. Recent years have shown major progress in the selective CO 2 reduction to CH 3 OH using diverse catalytic routes. The energetically more favorable pathway is depicted in Fig. Lu, Z. et al. Several recent studies showed some dopant effects in 2e-ORR22,34,35, but they were typically focused on onset potential regions with low ORR current densities, which are still far from practical applications requirements. Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 over Ag/TiO2 nanocomposites prepared with a simple and rapid silver mirror method. ADS This makes future scaling-up undesirable because it needs expensive post-treatment processes. All the IV curves are manually iR-compensated. Zhu, X., Imtiaz, Q., Donat, F., Mller, C. R. & Li, F. Chemical looping beyond combustion a perspective. 5c) and V2O5 after the CLAO redox cycling (Fig. Interfaces 10, 4440344414 (2018). 52, 52355244 (2013). The H2O2 partial current in Fig. In situ Raman spectra of V2O5 redox catalyst during the a reduction and b subsequent re-oxidation as a function of time. PubMed Central Tan, Y. C., Lee, K. B., Song, H. & Oh, J. Modulating local CO2 concentration as a general strategy for enhancing CC coupling in CO2 electroreduction. Am. The reduction degree of V2O5 dictates the product distribution but does not alter the catalytic NH3 oxidation activity. The as-obtained OC powders were mixed with boric acid (1:10 weight ratio) powders and annealed under 750C in Ar atmosphere for 1h (1h temperature rising and 2h temperature maintaining). Rev. In line with results in literature11, our results from DFT calculated thermodynamics predict the 4e pathway being more favorable than the 2e pathway. The corresponding H2O2 partial current densities are also plotted on the right y-axis. The corresponding H2O2 molar selectivity and FE are both plotted in Fig. CoN4 single-atom catalysts (SAC) have sparkled attention for being highly active in both 2e ORR, leading to H2O2 and 4e ORR, in which H2O is the main product. Soc. Commun. In a subsequent, temporally separated oxidation step, the active V=O sites were restored as confirmed by in-situ Raman spectra. 5. Angew. Rev. C 116, 807817 (2011). 4g and s24s27). Chem. ACS Sustain. CAS Performance enhancement and degradation mechanism identification of a single-atom CoNC catalyst for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Different from O species which dramatically localize the \(\pi\) electron distributions on carbon surface, dopants such as B or N could help to create new catalytic active sites while not affecting much of the surface electron transports in carbon catalysts. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) converts NO and NO2 in the gas turbine exhaust stream to molecular nitrogen and oxygen by reacting the NOx with ammonia in the presence of a catalyst. Joule 3, 14871497 (2019). 1c, d), with BC showing the best activity and selectivity. 131, 15032-15040. IV curve for Pure C, BC and OC in (a) 1M KOH and (d) 1M Na2SO4. PubMed Central Isupova, L. A. et al. Article Chem. Catal. Meng, A., Wu, S., Cheng, B., Yu, J. Thus, the decreased pre-edge intensity evidences that with increasing NH3 pulses number vanadyl bond diminished after reacting with NH3. Nat. However, multiphase hybridization essence and inhomogeneous junction distribution in these catalysts extremely limit the diverse design Appl. Numerical integration of the cartesian equations of motion of a system with constraints: molecular dynamics of n-alkanes. Brinkley, D. W. & Roth, J. P. Determination of a large reorganization energy barrier for hydride abstraction by glucose oxidase. d Plot of position of the absorption edge energies where the normalized absorption equals 0.5 (E1/2) vs the vanadium average oxidation state. acknowledge financial support from the European Union (Electrons to high value Chemical products (E2C) Interreg 2 Seas project). The authors declare no competing interests. Furthermore, in the proposed CLAO process, the activation of oxygen is spatially and temporally separated from the catalytic NH3 oxidation to effectively suppress the formation of nonselective surface molecular oxygen species and thus the undesired nitrogen byproduct15,16. Huang, Q.-W. Lang, Y.-R. Wang, J. Org. Weighing 30% less than their metal equivalents, plastic fuel tanks offer design freedom and optimal volume, while also ensuring reliability and durability. This reduction tolerates alkenes, nitro groups, and aryl A. Looped-oxide catalysis: a solar thermal approach to bio-oil deoxygenation. After reaction for 2h, 5mL of ethyl acetate was added into the mixture solution to extract organic components. Yuanyue Liu or Haotian Wang. ad Preferred *OOH adsorption configurations on B-, P-, N-, and S- doped graphene, respectively. Efficient hydrogen peroxide generation using reduced graphene oxide-based oxygen reduction electrocatalysts. The hydrogen continues to transfer from the OII to the neighboring OI to form OIH* (activated by 0.47eV). during the revision of the manuscript. Luo, S. et al. The observed shift towards lower energies is consistent with increased reduction of vanadium sites. The Romanian Catalysis Society (RCS) are partners of Catalysts journal and its members receive a discount on the article processing charge.. Open Access free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions. 140, 86528656 (2018). 2g). Preparation of Cu2O modified TiO2 nanopowder and its application to the visible light photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH3OH. Plasma-Catalysis. Jiang, Y., Long, R. & Xiong, Y. S10OD023532. In contrast, if the reaction went towards the 4e direction, the reaction barrier of *O formation was found to be 0.70eV, significantly higher than that of the 2e pathway (Supplementary Fig. Shen, R. et al. Soc., 2009, Hoang, T. T. H. et al. Al-Ghamdi, S. A., Hossain, M. M. & de Lasa, H. I. Energy 5, 511519 (2020). 2a, ammonia conversion increases from 78.5% to 97.0% at 300650C and plateaus around 97.0% in the temperature range of 580 to 650C. The high-performance of BC catalyst in our porous solid-electrolyte reactor for pure H2O2 generation demonstrated its great potential for futures practical applications. Commun. ACS Catal. 6, 311317 (2018). 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Gao, J. et al. & Friend, C. M. O2 activation by metal surfaces: implications for bonding and reactivity on heterogeneous catalysts. 138, 88348846 (2016). ADS C. R. Chim. Perry, S. C. et al. In this method, the value of the reaction coordinate (namely \(\xi\)) is linearly changed from the characteristic value for the initial state (IS) to that for the final state (FS) with a velocity of transformation \(\dot{\xi }\). Navarro-Jan, S., Virginie, M., Bonin, J. et al. Science 366, 226231 (2019). conceived this project and designed the studies; J.C. prepared the samples and performed the catalytic tests; Q.M. Mater. Various amides can be reduced in near & Wang, X. Photochemical reduction of CO2 by graphitic carbon nitride polymers. Conte, M., Miyamura, H., Kobayashi, S. & Chechik, V. Spin trapping of AuH intermediate in the alcohol oxidation by supported and unsupported gold catalysts. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) converts NO and NO2 in the gas turbine exhaust stream to molecular nitrogen and oxygen by reacting the NOx with ammonia in the presence of a catalyst. Glucose-oxidase like catalytic mechanism of noble metal nanozymes, $$n=4\frac{\left|{I}_{{disk}}\right|}{\left|{I}_{{disk}}\right|+{I}_{{ring}}/N}$$, $${{\rm{H}}}_{2}{{\rm{O}}}_{2} \% =200\frac{{I}_{{ring}}}{N\left|{I}_{{disk}}\right|+{I}_{{ring}}}$$, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23737-1. Future efforts will focus on increasing the boron doping level and its synergistic effect with other doping elements. Higher H2O2 activities were observed in BC compared to OC when the total current is larger than 30mAcm2. The use of the EPMA facility at the Department of Earth, Environment and Planetary Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, is kindly acknowledged. Li, J. et al. Nat. 5a), which coincide with the (110) and (200) facets of rhombohedral V2O5, respectively. The kinetic significance of V5+ in n-butane oxidation catalyzed by vanadium phosphates. With the incorporation of different nonmetal dopants, both activity (H2O2 partial current detected by Pt ring) and selectivity of H2O2 were significantly changed compared to Pure C. Among all the four catalysts, BC showed the best activity, with an early onset potential (defined at 0.1mAcm2 H2O2 partial current) of 0.773V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), while maintaining high molar selectivity of over 85% across a broad potential window in 0.1M KOH (Fig. 2017, 19, 1910-1913. Oxygenates from the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. Google Scholar. Chem. Zhao, Z., Huang, Y., Liu, W., Ye, F. & Zhao, S. Immobilized glucose oxidase on boronic acid-functionalized hierarchically porous MOF as an integrated nanozyme for one-step glucose detection. Am. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Defect concentration was measured by Raman Microscope. Note that even though NC showed comparable onset potential to BC, its H2O2 molar selectivity was only between 60 and 75%. Ultrapure water was used throughout the experiments. Coreshell structured reduced graphene oxide wrapped magnetically separable rGO@CuZnO@Fe3O4 microspheres as superior photocatalyst for CO2 reduction under visible light. prepared the electrodes, performed electrochemical experiments and characterizations with the help of Z.L. pH effects on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 towards C2 products on stepped copper. Highlights and challenges in the selective reduction of carbon dioxide to methanol. Choi, C. et al. The rest two peaks which dominate the O K-edge signal, one at around 535eV and one at around 540eV, can be assigned to residual/adsorbed water during the sample exposure to air46. A large number of metal oxide catalysts have claimed promising performance for ammonia oxidation, including spinels (Co3O4)17,19, perovskites (ABO3 where A=Ca, Sr, La, and B=Mn, Co, Fe)3,12,13,15 and K2NiF4 structured oxides (La2BO4 where B=Co, Cu, Ni)1. Figure3ad show the most favorable *OOH adsorption sites for H2O2 formation on each of the doping site, while the full table of different adsorption cases is provided in Supplementary Table3. All potentials measured against SCE were converted to the RHE scale in this work using E (vs. RHE)=E (vs. SCE)+0.241V+0.0591pH, where pH values of electrolytes were determined by Orion 320 PerpHecT LogR Meter (Thermo Scientific, i.e., 13.0 for 0.1M KOH and 7.0 for 1M Na2SO4). 276, 306313 (2010). Appl. CoN4 single-atom catalysts (SAC) have sparkled attention for being highly active in both 2e ORR, leading to H2O2 and 4e ORR, in which H2O is the main product. Whittaker, T. et al. Applicable Pollutants: Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Achievable Emission Limits/Reductions: SCR is capable of NOx reduction efficiencies in To better understand the intrinsic activity, the H2O2 production turnover frequency (TOF) per B site is calculated based on the electrochemical double layer capacitance. In total, 50L of as-prepared metal NPs, 50L of glucose (1M) and 20L of ABTS+ solution were sequentially added into a vial containing 880L of 100mM PBS (pH=7.4). Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) through oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an environment-friendly and sustainable route for obtaining a fundamental product in the chemical industry. J. CO2 Util. 11, 16701687 (2018). Oxide catalysts for ammonia oxidation in nitric acid production: properties and perspectives. Utilization of CO2 as a partial substitute for methane feedstock in chemical looping methanesteam redox processes for syngas production. Google Scholar. The elementary reaction barriers are given in eV. 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A complete version of the work and all supplemental materials, including a copy of the permission as stated above, in a suitable standard electronic format is deposited immediately upon initial publication in at least one online repository that is supported by an academic institution, scholarly society, government agency, or other well-established organization that Front. Z. Pt NPs can catalyze the reduction of not only FMN but also FAD and coenzyme Q. Pd NPs also exhibited catalytic activities (Figs. Catal. Contrarily, no notable change in intensity was observed for VOIIV and VOIIIV peaks during the reduction and oxidation steps (Fig. P. K. Patra, K. Nishide, K. Fuji, M. Node, Synthesis, 2004, Combining catalytic measurements, spectroscopic studies as well as theoretical calculations presented above allows for a molecular-level understanding of the potential reaction pathways for the proposed CLAO process. Chem. Soc. Catal. Rev. C.W performed some XPS measurements and reactivity tests. Reduction in brain oxidation or an increase in cortical creatine could promote vigilance (Ikeda et al 2005; McMorris et al 2006), and each effect can increase neurotransmitter release by reducing inhibitory K ATP-channel activity. Phys. Unique hole-accepting carbon-dots promoting selective carbon dioxide reduction nearly 100% to methanol by pure water. Accelerating voltage lower than 15keV and beam current lower than 20nA do not produce enough x-rays of boron, as boron has trace concentration in the samples. In recent studies, V2O5-based redox catalysts have emerged as attractive candidates for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane via chemical looping, due to the easy accessibility of lattice oxygen and appropriate bonding strength49,50. Chem. XPS and XANES studies demonstrated that the CLAO process involved the reversible reduction of vanadium cations with a V5+/V4+ redox couple easily accessible. Catal. 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Chem., 72, 7551-7559. performed the DFT simulation. Get time limited or full article access on ReadCube. Am. Electrolysis of gaseous CO2 to CO in a flow cell with a bipolar membrane. This step again liberates the OII site to accommodate the last hydrogen, resulting in NO* formation with a negligible barrier of 0.03eV. 7, 1900582 (2019). Que, L. Jr. & Tolman, W. B. Biologically inspired oxidation catalysis. and J.C.B. Solunke, R. D. & Veser, G. Nanocomposite oxygen carriers for chemical-looping combustion of sulfur-contaminated synthesis gas. Madhusudan, P. et al. Google Scholar. amines under mild conditions with broad applicability and excellent Nat Rev Chem 5, 564579 (2021). S. Hanada, T. Ishida, Y. Motoyama, H. Nagashima, J. Org. 464, 388395 (2019). To minimize oxygen impacts on H2O2 performance analysis, we chose forming gas (H2/Ar) as the carrier gas to maximally remove oxygen species while other nonmetal elements were doped. X.Z. 59, 1052710534 (2020). Eng. 119, 26112680 (2019). The surface area of the catalyst, if subjected to any changes during different doping processes, could also play an important role in affecting catalysts activity. In addition, peaks attributed to V6O13 and VO2 progressively increased in intensity with increasing NH3 pulse number as more lattice oxygen was extracted. Selective photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methanol in CuO-loaded NaTaO3 nanocubes in isopropanol. Thursfield, A., Murugan, A., Franca, R. & Metcalfe, I. S. Chemical looping and oxygen permeable ceramic membranes for hydrogen production a review. The intact CB morphology shown in both SEM and TEM of all the samples excludes any morphological effect on the variation of 2e-ORR performance in RRDE. Among all these dopants, B-doped carbon shows the highest activity and selectivity, with much enhanced kinetics compared to previously reported OC without sacrificing the high selectivity. (i) Reduction under 5% NH3/Ar (2.2ml/min). Appl. Chen, Carbon dioxide reduction in tandem with light alkane dehydrogenation, Nature Reviews Chemistry, (2019) 638-649. Since the early 20th century, the Ostwald process (4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O), which utilizes Pt-Rh alloy (5-10% Rh) gauzes as the catalysts for ammonia oxidation at high temperatures (800950C) and pressures (up to 12atm), has been the industrial standard1,4,5,6,7,8,9. The color bars below represent the atomic ratio (%) for each element. Supplementary Figs. Correspondence to The NH3 conversions are close to 100% irrespective of the catalyst used. Upon reoxidation, the oxygen-deprived V2O5 is regenerated, completing the CLAO redox cycle. However, not all doping configurations are stable by themselves. Wang, V., Xu, N., Liu, J.-C., Tang, G. & Geng, W.-T. VASPKIT: a user-friendly interface facilitating high-throughput computing and analysis using VASP code. Rev. Phys. ACS Catal. Am. & Xu, J. Hierarchical TiO2/Ni(OH)2 composite fibers with enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. Photo-assisted methanol synthesis via CO2 reduction under ambient pressure over plasmonic Cu/ZnO catalysts. The reaction is initiated by the adsorption of NH3 on V2O5 (001) surface (Fig. This significant improvement cannot be explained by the lower contents of oxygen dopants. CO2R, CN, CC, Cl, and Br. Competition between H and CO for active sites governs copper-mediated electrosynthesis of hydrocarbon fuels. Wong, J., Lytle, F. W., Messmer, R. P. & Maylotte, D. H. K-edge absorption spectra of selected vanadium compounds. Quantitative elemental analysis shows an average of 0.60% B atomic concentration compared to bulk carbon (Supplementary Table2), which agrees well with the XPS quantitative result. Thank you for visiting nature.com. CAS Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from water and oxygen. As a control sample, CB powder without any dopant precursors was also annealed under the same condition (see Methods, denoted as Pure C). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Coulston, G. W. et al. e NH3 conversion, NO, N2O, N2 selectivity versus the number of pulses over V2O5 at 650C during five consecutive chemical looping NH3 oxidation redox cycles. Microsoft is quietly building an Xbox mobile platform and store. Montoya, J. H., Shi, C., Chan, K. & Norskov, J. K. Theoretical insights into a CO dimerization mechanism in CO2 electroreduction. In particular, the catalytic roles of different oxygen sites are investigated in detail. Chem., 2014, For instance, Co3O4 exhibited good activity towards NH3 oxidation with a promising NO selectivity over 90%1,17,19. B 270, 118876 (2020). C.R. J. Phys. After re-oxidation, the V=O and [VO5VO5] bands were reinstated (Fig. Progress in catalyst exploration for heterogeneous CO2 reduction and utilization: a critical review. Mater. Developing a raman spectrokinetic approach to gain insights into the structurereactivity relationship of supported metal oxide catalysts. Chem. PubMed J. 51, 79507953 (2015). Chem. All authors contributed to writing, editing and reviewing the manuscript before submission. Fig. Nature Catalysis Biochem. Subsequently, a regeneration step was conducted using 30% O2 (30mLmin1, balance Ar). Z. Nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics (nanozymes): next-generation artificial enzymes (II). 131, Notes 13, Tables 14 and numerical methods. However, Pt loss through volatilization (0.050.3g per ton of nitric acid produced) at high-temperature and strongly oxidizing atmosphere results in significant catalytic performance decays and high operating costs1,6,7. ACS Catal. 506, 144683 (2020). For surface adsorbates, free energies were approximated using the harmonic approximation that treats all degrees of freedom as vibrational modes72. Energy Technol. Combined operando Raman and XNAES spectroscopy provided concrete evidence that among the three lattice oxygen sites on V2O5: the vanadyl (V=O), the bridge oxygen OII, and the triply coordinated oxygen OIII, the V=O site was the catalytic active site for the selective oxidation of NH3 to NO. and JavaScript. However, the stability of the oxygen ionic transport membranes are often impaired by cation segregation and/or physical degradation. Enriching CO2 activation sites on graphitic carbon nitride with simultaneous introduction of electron-transfer promoters for superior photocatalytic CO2-to-fuel conversion. 5, 7421 (2012). Nevertheless, we note that quantity of overpotentials predicted for S and P are higher than what we observed in the experiment. Rev. Furthermore, to ensure a relatively faster surface oxygen removal rate, two potential strategies have been proposed for the chemical looping process23. ACS Energy Lett. Mater. Nano Res. Dinh, C.-T. et al. & Tennyson, A. G. Catalytic radical reduction in aqueous solution by a ruthenium hydride intermediate. After 5min, 5mL NaBH4 solution (100mM) was introduced. Electrolytic conversion of bicarbonate into CO in a flow cell. The detailed conversion is also illustrated in Supplementary Fig. 57, 1022110225 (2018). Energy Environ. To further demonstrate the effect of B on the ORR performance and see whether the performance can be further improved if the B content is increased, we have slightly modified our synthesis procedures by using active carbon of higher oxidation degree (see methods) and synthesized B-doped carbon with higher B content (named as BC-36). Article Am. Eng. Current posted prices. 13, 35923606 (2020). Appl. Opin. Sci. Hydrogenation is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H 2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.The process is commonly employed to reduce or saturate organic compounds.Hydrogenation typically constitutes the addition of pairs of hydrogen atoms to a molecule, often an alkene. The electrolyte feeding rate was fixed at 54mLh1, and the oxygen feeding rate was fixed at 20 sccm. Nat Commun 12, 3375 (2021). & Tzimas, E. Methanol synthesis using captured CO2 as raw material: techno-economic and environmental assessment. Yisilamu, G. et al. halides, including aryl iodides. eg occupancy as an effective descriptor for the catalytic activity of perovskite oxide-based peroxidase mimics. Ammonia may be used to mitigate gaseous spills of phosgene. Fu, H., Liu, Z. P., Li, Z. H., Wang, W. N. & Fan, K. N. Periodic density functional theory study of propane oxidative dehydrogenation over V2O5(001) surface. and Z.Y.W. Article 2, 259268 (2019). About Our Coalition. The superior activity and selectivity can be attributed to the low activation energies for the successive hydrogen abstraction and facile NO formation facilitated by V=O. Instead of continuing dehydrogenation, the two NH2* tend to combine into the NH2NH2* intermediate due to the relatively low reaction barrier (0.90eV). Article Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Deadtime correction was applied for each element map. & Liu, G. Cubic anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction activity. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.
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