He begs Danforth to postpone the executions in order to secure confessions, hoping to avoid executing some of Salem's most highly regarded citizens. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. Elizabeth was ill after giving birth to a child when the affair happened. The Crucible (1952), a play by Arthur Miller (19152005), Arguably the most famous cultural depictions of the Salem Witch, uses the trial events to reflect on the actions of the House Committee on Unamerican Activities and Senator Joe McCarthy. John Proctor, a local farmer and husband of Elizabeth, enters. Over the following year many trials were held and many people imprisoned. She is the only black individual in the town of Salem, and a slave of the Reverend Parris. Abigail and Mercy, the Putnams' servant, try to wake Betty. John Hale Reverend Hale arrives and begins his investigation. Beatrice Straight Elizabeth Proctor Henry Stram Ezekiel Cheever Witchcraft isn't just a sin, it's a threat against Parris's job and reputation. Abigail switches tactics once Hale makes it clear he believes there might have been witchcraft. Because of all this, in the play Tituba was threatened to be whipped for her actions, but in the movie she actually got whipped. In the midst of chaos, with accusations flying and emotional outbursts all around him, one character from Arthur Miller's "The Crucible" remains calm. Thirty people were found guilty, 19 of whom were executed by hanging (14 women and five men). [2] Miller was questioned by the House of Representatives' Committee on Un-American Activities in 1956 and convicted of contempt of Congress for refusing to identify others present at meetings he had attended. It is said that she was named after her town or tribe. The Salem witch trials and executions came about as the result of a combination of church politics, family feuds, and hysterical children, all of which unfolded in a vacuum of political authority. Proctor is portrayed as strong-willed and moral. Abigail decides to play along with Tituba in order to prevent others from discovering her affair with Proctor, whose wife she had tried to curse out of jealousy. Jim Norton Giles Corey Abigail reveals that Mercy is the female that Parris saw running naked through the woods. As the play begins, why has Reverend Parris sent for a doctor? Miller wrote the play as an allegory for McCarthyism, when the United States government persecuted people accused of being communists. Dorothy Joliffe Mercy Lewis Putnam asks if it's true that Parris sent for Reverend Hale from Beverly. ThoughtCo, Aug. 29, 2020, thoughtco.com/the-crucible-character-study-reverend-john-hale-2713518. She implores John to go to court and tell the judges that Abigail and the rest of the girls are pretending. Struggling with distance learning? Furious, Reverend Hale denounces the proceedings and quits the court. 2022 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. He states, "We cannot look to superstition in this. She accused the two other women, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, of the same crime. In 1953, the year the play debuted, Miller wrote, "The Crucible is taken from history. At Elizabeth's urging, John tells Hale he knows that the girl's afflictions are fake. [26], The play's action takes place 70 years after the community arrived as settlers from Britain. [4] Her husband went on to become one of the accusers in the Witch Trials. Questions about Act 1 of The Crucible Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. In a second narration, the narrator compares the Colony to post-World War II society, presenting Puritan fundamentalism as being similar to cultural norms in both the United States and the Soviet Union. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Abigail realizes that the Puritanical society will never permit Proctor to leave his wife for her, and that he does not want to leave his wife anyway. For proof, she claims that Tituba has caused her to laugh during prayer. After Tituba gave names, Abigail sees that she must do the same. The crash happened on Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. YUL Montral-Trudeau Airport (747) 1 2 4. Its impossible to study a Hitchcock film without considering how he impacted and manipulated its storytelling. However, Hale seeks out witches because, in his own misguided way, he wants to rid the world of evil. The haphazard fashion in which the Salem witch trials were conducted contributed to changes in U.S. court procedures, including rights to legal representation and cross-examination of accusers as well as the presumption that one is innocent until proven guilty. His focus on facts makes him less ideological than other ministers, less likely to impose his own beliefs on others or to need to protect his reputation. Who was seen running naked in the forest? Whether consciously or unconsciously, these resentments will impact all the characters' interactions as the hysteria about witchcraft grows. [33], Important Persons in the Salem Court Records, The Creation of the World and Other Business, The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Crucible&oldid=1115662926, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 October 2022, at 15:30. [25] In 1698, Hale finished composing a lengthy essay about Salem that was reprinted by George Burr in 1914. Miller felt that this production was too stylized and cold, and the reviews for it were largely hostile (although The New York Times noted "a powerful play [in a] driving performance"). Villagers say they saw her flying over a barn. [22] In the play, Thomas and especially Ann Putnam are disconsolate over the fact that only one of their children has survived to adolescence. [citation needed], In June 1953 Miller recast the production, simplified the "pitiless sets of rude buildings" and added a scene.[13]. She believes that the girls will tire of their "game" and that they are in a "silly season - she believes the girls are going through a stage. For proof, she claims that Tituba has caused her to laugh during prayer. Tensions between them soon emerge. The events in Salem in 1692 were but one chapter in a long story of witch hunts that began in Europe between 1300 and 1330 and ended in the late 18th century (with the last known execution for witchcraft taking place in Switzerland in 1782). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. https://www.britannica.com/event/Salem-witch-trials, World History Encyclopedia - Salem Witch Trials, Salem Witch Trials - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Salem witch trials - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Fred Stewart Rev. The Crucible Act 4 SummaryShort Version. What/Who did Parris see in the woods the night before? Accusations followed, often escalating to convictions and executions. It's obvious that Mary Warren, at least, believes there wasn't any real witchcraft. Teagle F. Bougere Judge Hathorne "[20], Tituba appears in the novel Calligraphy of the Witch (2007) by Alicia Gaspar de Alba as an Arawak Native American Indigenous from Guyana fluent in several languages, and the only person in the Boston area who understands Spanish. Squabbles over property were commonplace, and litigiousness was rampant. Note that like Parris, Abigail is at the moment putting all her effort into denying witchcraft. The Devil is precise.". He calls Hale a coward and asks him why the accusers' every utterance goes unchallenged. Introducing the Lexile Framework for Listening . When challenged by Parris and Hathorne to 'pretend to be possessed', Mary is too afraid to comply. The Salem Witch Trials were a series of legal proceedings in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692-1693 resulting in the deaths of 20 innocent people accused of witchcraft and the vilification of over 200 others based, initially, on the reports of young girls who claimed to have been harmed by the spells of certain women they accused of witchcraft.. Parris continues to believe that the best way to protect himself is to argue against the presence of witchcraft. There is little doubt that some individuals did worship the devil and attempt to practice sorcery with harmful intent. Angered that Mary is neglecting her duties, John threatens to beat her. Rev. Parris runs back into the bedroom and various villagers arrive: Thomas and his wife, Ann, respected local woman Rebecca Nurse, and the Putnam's neighbor, farmer Giles Corey. The play suggests that the comas result in part from the girls' subconscious understanding that illness could help protect them from punishment for breaking Salem's strict social rules. ", "American Horror Story: Coven: Witches and Bitches Lowdown! Betty believes she saw witches because authority figures like Hale believe her when she says she did: a vicious cycle of hysteria. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Crucible is a 1953 play by American playwright Arthur Miller. She says she has 11 children and 26 grandchildren. Reverend Hale arrives, stating that he is interviewing all the people named in the proceedings, including Elizabeth. Is it just a coincidence that Betty cries out when the hymn begins? Abigail first demonstrates her penchant for terrorizing others in her threat to the girls: "Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things, and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring a pointy reckoning that will shudder you . Abigail plays the victim and accuses more women of witchcraft. He dislikes Parris' sermons because he "hardly ever mentions God anymore." She was brought to colonial Massachusetts from Barbadoes by Samuel Parris, the minister of Salem Village. She confessed to witchcraft, and also because Mrs. Putnams told Tituba to do the ritual and that is why Tituba did what she did 23. Reverend Hale is heavy with guilt when the hangings take place, despite his prayers and impassioned protests. If her name in the village is "white" - meaning, is her reputation good. Tituba discovers that nobody wants to hear denials, just as Abigail realized earlier. Parris' scapegoating of Tituba is undoubtedly motivated to a considerable extent by racism. I can make you wish you had never seen the sun go down!" Abigail denies they were engaged in witchcraft, claiming that they had been dancing. In other words, she threatens to hurt them physically if they tell. We'll also find out the extent to which John Proctor's relationship with Elizabeth has suffered after his affair. ""The Crucible" Character Study: Reverend John Hale." After Governor Phipss wife was accused, he again interceded and ordered that a new court be established that would not allow so-called spectral evidence. Instead, he reminds the Puritans that protocol is better than rash conclusions. Mary retorts that she is now an official in the court, she must have to go there on daily basis and she saved Elizabeth's life that day, as Elizabeth was accused of witchcraft and was to be arrested until Mary spoke in her defense. In 1947, Feuchtwanger wrote a play about the Salem witch trials, Wahn oder der Teufel in Boston (Delusion, or The Devil in Boston), as an allegory for the persecution of communists, thus anticipating the theme of The Crucible by Arthur Miller; Wahn premiered in Germany in 1949. Many historians such as Elaine Breslaw and Charles Upham gathered that Tituba was a Native American based on Samuel Fowler's writing, "Account of the life of Samuel Parris". As the facts emerge, Abigail claims Tituba forced her to drink blood. It's now clear that Abigail wanted to kill Elizabeth Proctor to have her teenage crush to herself. Reverend John Hale is the idealistic witch hunter in "The Crucible." Hale criticizes the decision and demands to know why the accused are forbidden to defend themselves. Hansen, Chadwick. As Tituba interacted with a diverse group of people in Barbados, it is assumed that Barbados is the place where she picked up most of her knowledge about witchcraft from mistresses and other slaves. In February, unable to account for their behaviour medically, the local doctor, William Griggs, put the blame on the supernatural. The charge, which is seen by some as having barely disguised racist undertones, is based on the imagination of authors like Starkey, who mirrors Salem's accusers when she asserts that "I have invented the scenes with Tituba . but they are what I really believe happened. Mary refuses to identify Elizabeth's accuser, but Elizabeth surmises accurately that it must have been Abigail. A. Tituba is a remarkable character in the play. Justify Abigails decision to accuse Tituba. Hale is conflicted, but suggests that perhaps this misfortune has befallen Salem because of a great, secret crime that must be brought to light. They had an affair when she worked at the Proctors'. The gathered crowd suggests both a uniform social order asserting itself and the beginnings of hysteria. She informs Mercy that Parris knows they were dancing in the woods. Does John Proctor still, like, totally hate himself? They are fighting about land and boundaries. Like Abigail did before, Tituba at first denies the presence of any witchcraft. It is revealed that Abigail once worked as a servant for the Proctors, and that she and John had an affair, for which she was fired. Abigail still harbors feelings for John and believes they are reciprocated, but John denies this. Now it's revealed that Abigail really did push well beyond the strict religious laws of Salem in hopes of killing Elizabeth Proctor. from your Reading List will also remove any [11], The majority of fictional pieces that artistically or historically depict Tituba's life portray her as a Black woman or an "outgroup" by Puritan society, due to her racial and socioeconomic status as a South American Indigenous and an indentured servant woman or slave. (The hallucinogen LSD is a derivative of ergot.) Parris confirms that Abigail does indeed laugh during prayer. The Crucible is a four-act play that portrays the atmosphere of the witch trials in Salem. The play was adapted by composer Robert Ward as an opera, The Crucible, which was first performed in 1961 and received the 1962 Pulitzer Prize for Music[29] and the New York Music Critics' Circle Award. Abigail is the instigator. Salem witch trials, (June 1692May 1693), in American history, a series of investigations and persecutions that caused 19 convicted witches to be hanged and many other suspects to be imprisoned in Salem Village in the Massachusetts Bay Colony (now Danvers, Massachusetts). Hale questions Rev. She believes John still lusts after Abigail and tells him that as long as he does, he will never redeem himself. It is unknown what happened to her after the case against her was dismissed by a grand jury in May 1693. He has a critical mind and strong intelligence, particularly in the study of his specialty. [30], William Tuckett presented a ballet at The Royal Ballet in London in 2000 to a collage of music by Charles Ives with designs by Ralph Steadman. Act I: Scene 2. What is the dispute between John Proctor and Thomas Putnam? Abigail, standing quietly in a corner, witnesses all of this. Wade Bradford, M.A., is an award-winning playwright and theater director. Parris on the night of Betty Parris' alleged 'bewitchment'. He sends the other girls out (including Mary Warren, his family's maid) and confronts Abigail, who tells him that she and the girls were not performing witchcraft. She and the other girls claimed to have seen Tituba "with the Devil". Elizabeth knows that Abigail and her husband had an affair, so she fired her from their service. Miller gave all his characters the same colloquialisms, such as "Goody" or "Goodwife", and drew on the rhythms and speech patterns of the King James Bible to achieve the effect of historical perspective he wanted.[2]. [13] With reference to the historical understanding of Tituba and why she was convicted, it has been argued that the pre-existing ideas about "out groups" and stereotypical ideas of foreign cultures combined with fictional portrayals of witchcraft and sorcery works, has created a case where history and fiction shape each other. Although it provided no answers, its baking outraged Parris, who saw it as a blasphemous act. Both men were subsequent Deputy Governors, but it was Stoughton (who, alone among the judges, was a bachelor who never married[20]) who ordered further deliberations after the jury initially acquitted Rebecca Nurse. Hysteria was a major factor in the many accusations of witchcraft that occurred throughout The Crucible. Rebecca is a voice of reason and common sense. When Danforth begins to question Abigail, she claims that Mary has begun to bewitch her with a cold wind and John loses his temper, calling Abigail a whore. . Threatening to practice witchcraft on Betty, Mercy, and Mary Warren if they tell anyone about the spell, Abigail tells them to say that they only danced, that Tituba raised Ruth's sisters from the dead, and that nothing else happened. Corrections? Why does Abigail say she was dismissed by the Proctors'? One other man, Giles Corey, was pressed to death after refusing to enter Reverend Hale has some salient, and mostly sympathetic, characteristics: At first, the audience might find him to be just as self-righteous as the play's villain Reverend Parris. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. She blames Tituba. She calls Elizabeth a "bitter woman, a lying, cold, sniveling woman". Teachers and parents! Mrs. Putnam wants to have something to blame for the deaths of her babies. Tituba Indian was an enslaved woman who was one of the first three people to be accused of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials of 1692-1693. Pressured by Parris to identify their tormentor, Betty and Abigail claimed to have been bewitched by Tituba and two other marginalized members of the community, neither of whom attended church regularly: Sarah Good, an irascible beggar, and Sarah Osborn (also spelled Osborne), an elderly bed-ridden woman who was scorned for her romantic involvement with an indentured servant. The institution of policing has been unaccountable and violent for decades, at least, and something desperately needs to change. How does John Proctor feel about Reverend Parris? Danforth brings Elizabeth in to confirm this story, beforehand forbidding anyone to tell her about John's testimony. Tituba, sharing a cell with Sarah Good, appears to have gone insane from all of the hysteria, hearing voices and now actually claiming to talk to Satan. Don McHenry Ezekiel Cheever From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. This is the Reverend John Hale, the idealistic witch hunter. Updated on February 03, 2019. The previous evening, Reverend Parris discovered Betty, some other girls, and his Barbadian slave, Tituba, dancing naked in the forest and engaged in some sort of pagan ritual. The third act takes place thirty-seven days later in the General Court of Salem, during the trial of Martha Corey. As an allegory of McCarthyism, the play primarily focuses on criticising the ways in which innocent people are prosecuted When Hale questions her, Elizabeth is angered that he does not question Abigail first. Mary Warren enters and gives Elizabeth a 'poppet' (doll-like puppet) that she made in court that day while sitting as a witness. In April 1693, Tituba was sold to an unknown person for the price of her gaol fees. Tituba talked about riding sticks to different places. Betty reveals that Abigail drank blood as a charm to kill Elizabeth. [5] A year later a new production succeeded and the play became a classic. How do they feel about it now? Angela Bettis Abigail Williams She is solicitous of her husband, John, as well as deeply caring and sensitive, if still hurting from what has happened to her. He wrote and directed seven productions for Yorba Linda Civic Light Opera's youth theater. Rumors of witchcraft become belief in witchcraft: hysteria works by building upon irrational fear. Confess to witchcraft, bless the Lord, and name others who are witches with her (or she will be hanged). This production was directed by Ivo van Hoveand featured an original score composed by Philip Glass. Bradford, Wade. Both Good and Osborn protested their own innocence, though Good accused Osborn. Or has she been swayed by all the talk of witchcraft? Tituba breaks down and falsely claims that the Devil is bewitching her and others in town. By the end of the play, Hale shows his compassion, and though it is too late to save those accused in the witch trials, he has become an endearing character to the audience. Parris's treatment of Tituba reveals his angry and selfish character. What does Giles Corey reveal to Reverend Hale? My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class.. She was pivotal in the trials because she confessed to witchcraft when examined by the authorities, giving credence to the accusations. John, in despair and having given up all hope, declares that "God is dead", and is arrested. Why did Miller expect Hale's line to generate laughter? Arthur Miller's 'The Crucible': Plot Summary, Character Study of Reverend Parris of 'The Crucible', Abigail Williams of the Salem Witch Trials, 'The Crucible' Character Study: Judge Danforth, 'Crucible' Character Study: Elizabeth Proctor, History of Witches Signing the Devil's Book, Tituba and The Salem Witch Trials of 1692, Biography of Elizabeth Parris, Accuser in the Salem Witch Trials, 'The Crucible' Character Study: Rebecca Nurse, Crucible Character Study of Abigail Williams. 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